x = "Hello World"
print(x[0])                         # results in H
print(x[-1])                        # results in d
print(x[:-1])                       # results in Hello Worl

print(len(x))                       # results in 11

x = "Hello " + "World"
            y8 = 8 * "y"            # results in 'yyyyyyyy'

" ".join(["join", "puts", "spaces", "between", "elements"])

"::".join(["Separated", "with", "colons"])

"".join(["Separated", "by", "nothing"])

x = "You\t\t can have tabs\t\n \t and newlines \n\n mixed in"
x.split()                             # ['You', 'can', 'have', 'tabs', 'and', 'newlines', 'mixed', 'in']

x = "Mississippi"
x.split("ss")                         # ['Mi', 'i', 'ippi']

x = 'a b c d'
x.split(' ', 1)                       # ['a', 'b c d'], the second argument determines how many splits you want
x.split(' ', 2)                       # ['a', 'b', 'c d']
x.split(' ', 9)                       # ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

float('123.45')
int('3333')
int('3333.33')                        # will cause a compile error as its not using float method

int('101', 2)                         # results in 5, the second argument is the base, 2 in this case
int('ff', 16)                         # results in 255, we are using base 16
              

x = " Hello, World\t\t "
x.strip()                             # 'Hello, World'
x.lstrip()                            # 'Hello, World\t\t '
x.rstrip()                            # ' Hello, World'

x = "www.python.org"
x.strip("w")                          # '.python.org' as we specified to remove w's

x = "wdwdwx.python.org"
x.strip("wd")                         # x.python.org, removes all w's and d's, note it does not removed just wd's

x = "hello World"
x.rfind("l")                          # returns 9, rfind starts at the end of the string


Note: 
  strip - removes any whitespace/characters at the beginning or end of the string
  lstrip and rstrip - remove whitespace/characters only at the left or right end of the original string

x = "Mississippi"
x.find("ss")                     # returns the number found 2 in this case
x.find("zz")                     # returns -1 as nothing was found

x = "Mississippi"
x.find("ss", 3)                  # returns 5, the second argument is the start position

x = "Mississippi"
x.find("ss", 0, 3)               # returns -1, the second/third arguments are the start and end position

x = "hello World"
x.rfind("l")                     # returns 9, rfind starts at the end of the string, you can also use start/end positions

x = "hello World"
x.count("l")                     # returns 3 as there are 3 l's

x = "Mississippi"
x.startswith("Miss")             # True
x.startswith("Mist")             # False
x.endswith("pi")                 # True
x.endswith("p")                  # False
x.endswith(("p", "i"))           # True, you can use multiple characters or strings

x = "Mississippi"
x.replace("ss", "+++")           # Mi+++i+++ippi
x.upper()                        # MISSISSIPPI
x.lower()                        # mississippi
x.capalize()                     # Mississippi 

Note: there are many other such as title, ljust, rjust, center, swapcase, expandtabs, etc

text = "Hello, World"
wordList = list(text)            # convert the text into a list
wordList[6:] = []                # removes everything after comma
wordList.reverse()               # reverse the list

text = "".join(wordList)         # joins with on space between results in ,olleH

x = "123"
x.isdigit()                      # True
x.isalpha()                      # False

x = "M"                          
x.islower()                      # False
x.isupper()                      # True

Note: there are other methods like isdigit, etc

repr([1, 2, 3])                  # '[1, 2, 3]', repr coverts list to a string

x = [1]
x.append(2)
x.append([3, 4])
'the list x is ' + repr(x)       # 'the list x is [1, 2, [3, 4]]'

Note: almost anything can be converted to some sort of a string representation by using the built-in repr function, you
also use str which produces printable string representations

"{0} is the {1} of {2}".format("Ambrosia", "food", "the gods")               # the replacement positions start at 0 (old way)
"{{Ambrosia}} is the {0} of {1}".format("food", "the gods")                  # the replacement positions start at 0 (newer way)

"{food} is the food of {user}".format(food="Ambrosia", user="the gods")      # the named value will be replaced by the name in the brackets

"{0:10} is the food of gods".format("Ambrosia")                                # make the field 10 spaces wide and pad with spaces
"{0:{1}} is the food of gods".format("Ambrosia", 10)                           # takes the width from the second parameter
"{food:{width}} is the food of gods".format(food="Ambrosia", width=10)         # same as above written differently
"{0:>10} is the food of gods".format("Ambrosia")                               # forces right-justofication of the field and pads with spaces
"{0:&>10} is the food of gods".format("Ambrosia")                              # forces right-justification and pads with & instead of spaces

"%s is the %s of %s" % ("Ambrosia", "food", "the gods")                        # 'Ambrosia is the food of the gods'

x = [1, 2, "three"]
"The %s contains: %s" % ("list", x)                                            # "The list contains: [1, 2, 'three']"

"Pi is <%-6.2f>" % 3.14159                                                     # use of the formatting sequence: %–6.2f, C uses a similar formatting

value = 42                
message = f"The answer is {value}"                                             # using brackets and the name of the variable

age = 24
print("My age is " + str(age) + " years")

print("My age is {0} years".format(age))

city = "Milton Keynes"
print("My age is {0} years and lives in {1}".format(age, city))

## Old way and no longer used depreciated - Python 2
print("My age is %d years and lives in %s" % (age, city))

for i in range(1, 12):
    print("No, %2d squared is %d and cubed is %d" % (i, i ** 2, i ** 3))

print("PI is approx %12f" % (22 / 7))
print("PI is approx %12.50f" % (22 / 7))

## the new way and should use going forward
for i in range(1, 12):
    print("No, {0:2} squared is {1:<4} and cubed is {2:<4}".format(i, i ** 2, i ** 3))

print("PI is approx {0:12}".format(22 / 7))
print("PI is approx {0:12.50}".format(22 / 7))